Use of this principle generally applies when resources are scarce, there is a conflict in priorities, and no clear choice meets everyone’s needs-that is, a zero-sum decision is imminent Universalism: A Duty-Based Approach Some limitations of this principle suggest that it does not consider individuals, and there is no agreement on the definition of “good for all concerned.” In addition, it is difficult to measure “costs and benefits.” This is one of the most widely used principles by corporations, institutions, nations, and individuals, given the limitations that accompany it. When we present the specifics and facts of a situation, this and the other principles begin to make sense, although judgement is still required. This, as with all these principles and approaches, is broad in nature and seemingly rather abstract. An action is morally right if the net benefits over costs are greatest for all affected compared with the net benefits of all other possible choices. The utilitarianism principle basically holds that an action is morally right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Utilitarianism: A Consequentialist, “Ends Justifies Means” Approach Using creativity is also important when examining difficult moral decisions when sometimes it may seem that there are two “right” ways to act in a situation or perhaps no way seems morally right, which may also signal that not taking an action at that time may be needed, unless taking no action produces worse results. Becoming familiar with these principles, then, can help inform your moral decision process and help you observe the principles that a team, work-group, or organization that you now participate in or will be joining may be using. Using one or more of these principles and ethical approaches intentionally can also help you examine choices and options before making a decision or solving an ethical dilemma. It is helpful to ask and if not clear, perhaps identify the principles, you most often use now and those you aspire to use more, and why. ![]() As you read these, ask yourself which principles characterize and underlie your own values, beliefs, behaviors, and actions. ![]() 2 The principles that we will cover are utilitarianism, universalism, rights/legal, justice, virtue, common good, and ethical relativism approaches. These principles can be, and are, used in combination different principles are also used in different situations. Some of the principles presented here date back to Plato, Socrates, and even earlier to ancient religious groups. Principles help inform and influence values. 1Įthical principles are different from values in that the former are considered as rules that are more permanent, universal, and unchanging, whereas values are subjective, even personal, and can change with time. ![]() What are major ethical principles that can be used by individuals and organizations?īefore turning to organizational and systems levels of ethics, we discuss classical ethical principles that are very relevant now and on which decisions can be and are made by individuals, organizations, and other stakeholders who choose principled, responsible ways of acting toward others. 9 Ethical Principles and Responsible Decision-Making Introduction
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